What's wrong on Tobacco Road?
Residents say coal ash reuse project left road in worse condition
By Tony Bartelme
The Post and Courier
Santee Cooper said using 425 tons of fly ash mix on Tobacco Road would dramatically improve the unpaved lane, but residents such as Amanda Wilder (above) say the road is dusty and in poor condition.
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Four years ago, in what it called a demonstration project, Santee Cooper took 425 tons of coal ash that likely contained traces of arsenic and other toxic chemicals and put it on Tobacco Road, an unpaved lane that snakes through swamps near St. Stephen.
Santee Cooper said in its 2006 annual report that recycling fly ash this way could make dirt roads "with muddy ruts and water-filled potholes ... a thing of the past."
But Santee Cooper supplied the fly ash even though its own tests showed it could contaminate groundwater with arsenic at concentrations 15 times federal drinking water standards, internal documents show. Arsenic exposure has been linked to numerous health problems, including cancer.
Meanwhile, people who live along Tobacco Road give the pilot project failing grades. They said the road is rutted and dustier than ever, and that clouds of dirt cover their trees when vehicles drive by. One resident complains of nosebleeds. Others said they shut windows to keep the particles from coming into their homes.
Santee Cooper officials said Berkeley County crews that worked on the road used a special additive to keep the dust down and that this soil stabilizer would "entomb" the ash effectively.
"We wouldn't just put fly ash on the road; we would only put bound ash on the road," said Jay Hudson, environmental manager for Santee Cooper, who seemed surprised to hear about the road's current poor condition.
Hudson also said the agency took water samples by the road several months after the project was done and found no contaminants. He added that the state Department of Health and Environmental Control signed off on everything the company did and that South Carolina Electric & Gas also used ash in a similar manner. "Our aim was to come up with an innovative use of a by-product that doesn't harm the environment," he said.
But a Watchdog examination of the project raises questions about the practice of using ash on roads, namely: If coal ash causes contamination problems in landfills, is it a good idea to put the stuff on roads next to homes and wells?
'All sorts of problems'
Fly and bottom ash are created by burning coal, and every year, American coal-fired power plants generate about 130 million tons, enough to fill a train of railcars from Charleston to Chile, about 4,600 miles.
More than half goes into landfills and retention ponds, though in recent years, Santee Cooper and other utilities made great strides finding ways to reuse it.
Fly ash, a lighter form of ash, helps strengthen concrete, and roughly 330 trainloads are in the new Cooper River Bridge's diamond towers. Bottom ash, so-called because it's scooped from the bottom of a boiler, looks like gravel and is used to make concrete blocks, including some that went into the new Moultrie Middle School in Mount Pleasant.
Coal ash can become a problem when it comes into contact with water. The ash typically contains traces of potentially toxic chemicals, including arsenic, lead, mercury and selenium. When ash and water mix, chemicals in the ash can leach into groundwater and streams. One solution to this leaching problem is to entomb the ash.
"If it's immobilized in Portland cement, you don't get a lot of leaching, and that's a wonderful thing," said William Hopkins III, a researcher at Virginia Tech who has studied ash issues. Encapsulating ash in blocks and concrete saves landfill space and keeps the chemicals from polluting the environment, he said.
But spreading ash on roads with a dust suppressant or soil stabilizer is a different story.
Jeff Stant, director of the Coal Combustion Waste Initiative for the Environmental Integrity Project, cited growing evidence that certain uses of ash have created pollution problems across the nation.
In Pines, Ind., coal ash was used as road fill and dumped at an unlined landfill, eventually contaminating 163 drinking water wells. In Virginia, a developer used 1.5 million tons to sculpt a golf course, and recent tests have found toxic chemicals in nearby wells.
"To say (coal ash) doesn't pose a threat is a bogus argument," Stant said. "If you spread it over miles of roads, and it rolls off and gets into soils and the environment, you're going to have all sorts of problems."
The debate over coal ash has grown more heated in recent months. Last fall, a Post and Courier Watchdog report, "Toxic Ash: Coal's Time Bomb," revealed ash ponds and landfills were polluting drinking water across the state. In December, a time bomb went off in Tennessee when a billion gallons of ash sludge poured through a broken dike at a power plant. Within weeks, researchers found the ash had tainted nearby waterways and sediment with arsenic and lead. Congress now is considering tighter regulations on ash ponds.
Ash also is a problem when it gets into the air. In Maryland, researchers recently found toxic ash residue near an ash landfill, raising concerns among nearby residents After the spill in Tennessee, officials began treating the area with dust suppression agents to keep particles down. Breathing fly ash can trigger respiratory and heart problems.
Stant said he was surprised to hear that fly ash was placed on an unpaved road, even with a soil stabilizer. "I would be concerned about using 425 tons of ash that way."
Questionable tests
Santee Cooper officials are particularly proud of their work to recycle ash. Doing so saves space in their plants' landfills and turns a waste into a commodity the utility can potentially sell. In recent years, Santee Cooper has managed to reuse more than 90 percent of its ash from its coal plants, sending it to wallboard plants, concrete-makers and other industries. They had high hopes for the Tobacco Road project.
Santee Cooper and Berkeley County road and bridge officials chose Tobacco Road because it's well-traveled and would give officials a better idea of the fly ash mix's durability. "Our intention was to help the county save money and provide them with a better road surface that wouldn't have to be maintained as much," Hudson said.
Through the South Carolina Freedom of Information Act, The Post and Courier obtained internal Santee Cooper documents about ash disposal. Those documents show the ash came from a retention pond at the utility's Jefferies Station near Bonneau. The utility also hired a consultant to test ash from this pond. Results showed the ash contained traces of arsenic, barium, lead and selenium.
The utility had another test done — one simulating the effects of water on the ash, as if it were in the ground and exposed to rain. In industry circles, its known as a "toxic characteristic leaching procedure."
This test showed the ash leached arsenic concentrations of 145 parts per billion, nearly 15 times what the Environmental Protection Agency considers safe for drinking water. Selenium concentrations were three times the EPA drinking water limit. Exposure to higher than normal selenium levels can damage the nervous system and cause other health problems.
Despite these results, the project moved forward in late October 2004. Berkeley County crews graded the road, mixed in a two-inch layer of fly ash, tilled it and added the soil stabilizer. The two-day job "gave them a better surface that wouldn't have to be maintained as much," Hudson of Santee Cooper said.
In January 2005 and February 2005, a consultant tested stormwater by the road. The lab results were "below the detection limit" for arsenic, selenium and other potentially toxic chemicals, according to a test summary. In a subsequent report to DHEC, Santee Cooper concluded: "... the proper use and application of ash can be a safe and beneficial method of utilizing this abundant resource."
But Santee Cooper could have done more stringent tests, Stant said. In 2001, the EPA lowered the federal drinking water limit for arsenic from 50 parts per billion to 10 parts per billion and gave industry until January 2006 to comply. In its 2005 tests on Tobacco Road, Santee Cooper set its detection limit at the old 50 parts-per-billion limit, even though officials knew the new limit would change a year later.
Santee Cooper officials said that means they did things within the law, but Stant said the utility could have done more.
"They can say they didn't detect anything, but they still don't know if it's above the drinking standard based on that test," he said. "If they're calling this a pilot project, they need to do a better job of monitoring, and do it for several years."
Residents concerned
Though it's unclear whether the ash is causing contamination problems, it's obvious that four years later the road is a mess. It's full of ruts that collect pools of rainwater. Residents said the fly ash makes it slippery when it rains, and after the road dries, big clouds of dust waft through their yards and into their houses.
"It's a fine dust that makes my nose bleed," said William Lynch, who lives on one of Tobacco Road's bends. Residents also get their drinking water from wells. "It flabbergasts me that they would pour this stuff on a road," he said.
Residents said the fly ash and dust suppressant stayed hard for only a few weeks after it was put down in 2004, and now the road needs to be scraped every few weeks, which scatters the ash to the roadside.
"The idea (of the project) was that it would be so hard it would keep the dust down," the Rev. Julius Barnes said. "That didn't happen."
Amanda Wilder said the road is "nasty, and if you're not careful when it rains, you will slide all over the place." She said her daughter has asthma, and that her 2-year-old grandson wheezes all the time. Her father has breathing problems. "We have to close the windows because the dust will roll in the house," she said. "By the time night falls, you feel it in your chest."
More ash projects
In its annual report, Santee Cooper said that the Tobacco Road project created a surface "as hard as an asphalt road, but much cheaper." And in March 2004, five months into the Tobacco Road work, Santee Cooper sought new roads for its fly ash, including one involving 1,400 cubic yards in Georgetown County. But that project never took off, and interest in using fly ash for unpaved roads apparently waned. Hudson said he never heard any feedback from Berkeley County about the Tobacco Road fly ash project.
While Santee Cooper said it hasn't used fly ash on any other roads, it supplied gravel-like bottom ash for projects on McKnight Road in Berkeley County and Benchwood Road near St. George. In these projects, the ash was mixed with asphalt.
Another South Carolina utility, SCE&G, supplied four truckloads of bottom ash in 2004 to a road in Lexington County and applied the same additive used on the Tobacco Road project, said Scott Grigg, a SCE&G public relations manager in Charleston. Heavy rains washed a portion of the road away soon after, he said, adding that it's the only ash the utility supplied for roadwork that didn't involve entombing it in asphalt or concrete.
Santee Cooper said it received the appropriate permits from DHEC for its ash unpaved road projects. In one letter, the company lauds DHEC's "continuing support" to find "viable alternatives for the use of coal combustion products."
But the S.c. Department of Transportation is more leery about using raw ash as a road material.
SCDOT has used fly ash as a partial substitute for Portland cement in concrete mixes, as happened in the new Cooper River bridge. But the agency has "not fully researched the potential issues with leachate from ash-type fill material and its effect on surface and ground water," said Stan Shealy, communications officer for SCDOT.
Tobacco Road is on a list to be paved, along with many others. Berkeley County Supervisor Dan Davis said Friday that he hopes to have it paved "in a reasonable amount of time," and that "if there is any issue about the road material, it should be solved by the paving." Santee Cooper officials point out that recent photos of the road show no ash on the road, only limestone and soil. Meanwhile, standing in the dust as a truck went by, resident Wilder said she doesn't let her kids play in her front yard anymore, and she wonders where the ash went.
Reach Tony Bartelme at 937-5554 or tbartelme@postandcourier.com.
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Comments
Oceanlover (anonymous) says...
This is some Communis' reporting if I ever saw it. If I want to breathe coal ash it's my right as an American. If I don't, I can move to Canada or Norway some other Communis' country. In fact, I voted for these officials so they COULD put coal ash down on the roads. I mean, Fox news told me that wheezing will just make your lungs stronger anyway. Sure works for El Rushbo. Y'all just need to leave Santee Cooper alone. They're doing what they know how to do best - power my state with good clean coal. And coal is clean - they cleanly sheer off mountaintops to make it, and cleanly dump those sheared off mountaintops into riverbeds. There ain't no water pollution from it, becuase if you make the stream go away - bang - no water. I think only a Communis' would want to use something like solar power or wind and those Tobacco roaders should be grateful that hey have a road at all. This here Tony Bartholomew or whatever his name is needs to uncover some real injustice, like why my taxes have to go to pay for schools.
March 8, 2009 at 7:07 a.m. ( permalink | suggest removal )
ironhorse (anonymous) says...
Oceanlover forgot to set his clock forward to the 21st century.
March 8, 2009 at 7:14 a.m. ( permalink | suggest removal )
moonpie (anonymous) says...
I think OCEAN is trying to be funny?
Coal ash is has very heavy metals, has traces of arsenic. Just ask the fine people of that TN town where their utilty companies coal ash retention pond spilled over into the small town. Google it... It was amazing! And Santee Cooper thought it would be good for a rd? This material is used in making sandblasting material too. When sandblasting with it OSHA,NIOSH REQUIRE the operator use an air fed respirator! Not suggest it require it! Everytime these people drive down the rd and get it airborn they breathe it in! What's wrong with this picture. Looking for a cheap way to get rid of a harmful product.
March 8, 2009 at 7:22 a.m. ( permalink | suggest removal )
1963 (anonymous) says...
"Fly ash, a lighter form of ash, helps strengthen concrete, and roughly 330 trainloads are in the new Cooper River Bridge's diamond towers."
I thought the bride was named The Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge, not Cooper River Bridge.
March 8, 2009 at 9:16 a.m. ( permalink | suggest removal )
dawhetsell (anonymous) says...
Everyone complains and we know it is not the best thing to use for energy. The cost is the motivator to use coal as it is the cheapest power. You could use other things but they would cost more. Natural gas does not have ash ,but your power cost(light bill) would more than double. Nuclear energy would be just about as cost effective as coal power ,but it has some bad leftovers. There is not enough places for hydro-power, wind and solar are not cost effective either. Obama is going to put carbon taxes on coal and other fossal fuels ,so don't worry hes going to more than double maybe tripple your light bill. All types of power has its faults. It doesn't matter how much they change things in the USA. The Chinese and Indians are putting up one coal fired plant a week. There are not filters or scrubbers to stop the bad things from going into the air and traveling over to us. These two countries are puting two-thirds of all the pollution into the earths air.
We have other alteratives for energy but they are more costly and the enviromentalist fight them just as much as coal. They are against Nuclear power, hydro-power(it alters rivers), Plant sources(they are invasive or taking food and making energy), Tidal power and....ETC. You are going to get all these people(they are increasing daily)on goverment freebees to scream for change because it doesn't cost them, it only cost the others. This economy can not stand such drastic costly change now as it will pull the economy down father and faster. I don't belive in stimulus but we need to put a lot of the stimulus toward energy development to get better answers to leave a better plant for our children and grandchildren.
March 8, 2009 at 9:20 a.m. ( permalink | suggest removal )
majorjohnson (anonymous) says...
OSHA requires masks whenever doing ANY sandblasting, regardless of the abrasive used.
March 8, 2009 at 10:15 a.m. ( permalink | suggest removal )
NativeSon (anonymous) says...
DHEC would sign off on most anything - there must be some behind closed door shenanigans.
March 8, 2009 at 10:17 a.m. ( permalink | suggest removal )
geekboy (anonymous) says...
Tree huggers want cheap electricity, but don't want coal to be used to make it.
They want cheap electricity, but don't want oil to be used to make it.
They want cheap electricity, but don't want nuclear plants to make it.
They want cheap electricity, but don't want natural gas to be used to make it.
The want cheap electricity, but don't want biomass used to generate it.
They want cheap electricity, but don't want "unsightly" windmills generating it.
So what exactly should be used?
March 8, 2009 at 10:18 a.m. ( permalink | suggest removal )
desspec (anonymous) says...
Methinks someone smells a Motely-Rice opportunity....
March 8, 2009 at 12:07 p.m. ( permalink | suggest removal )
DisplacedInATL (anonymous) says...
@Oceanlover....you forgot your tag there :)
@GetSerious...I think this new form of energy is worth investigating...
March 8, 2009 at 12:47 p.m. ( permalink | suggest removal )
guidedbystewart (anonymous) says...
This would have never happened on a place like Kiawah Island or IOP, since it is St. Stephen's they probably have the mentality that if someone dies, it is just one less person living off the government. This all just goes along with the short sighted, self serving mentalty that many in this society continues to have. What is this world coming too?
March 8, 2009 at 1:01 p.m. ( permalink | suggest removal )
MP (anonymous) says...
Test the road and test the surrounding soil. Any contamination, make Santee Cooper's management clean it up with spoons and eat it.
March 8, 2009 at 1:27 p.m. ( permalink | suggest removal )
SomeTruthPlease (anonymous) says...
Ocean has a witty flair for sarcasm, and I enjoyed his post...you have to get to the underlying message, and I happen to live for sarcastic quips and quotes. Thank you, Ocean, for making my morning.
March 8, 2009 at 1:27 p.m. ( permalink | suggest removal )
yird (anonymous) says...
When all those who have adopted environmentalism as their new age religion start growing cotton and making their own clothes,
growing all their own food without the use of fossil fuel powered equipment or commercial fertilizers,
live in homes without electricity and use horses or mules for transportation,
then and only then will they have any real credibility.
As it is they find something wrong with every energy source in use or being considered for use yet they continue to use that same available power they label as evil.
Most must have grown up thinking Star Trek was reality.
Beam me up Al.
March 8, 2009 at 2:03 p.m. ( permalink | suggest removal )
512c (anonymous) says...
we need to quit using any coal right now.
natural gas from coal. right now.
mining for new coal, right now.
use massive mushroom and bacteria, terra renewal projects that are built using wind powered low lighting, and passive heated villages oriented on land towards self sustained, intentional and long term sustainable living.
not build any more roads, and design vehicles that are modular, that use biofuel, grown from hemp, and coal remediative mushroom and bacteria farms.
This is it.
coal, good bye, pack yur bags, and drop your children out of college. you need to stop assuming people want you around.
March 8, 2009 at 2:11 p.m. ( permalink | suggest removal )
geekboy (anonymous) says...
Posted by guidedbystewart on March 8, 2009 at 1:01 p.m. (Suggest removal)
What is this world coming too?
*********************************************
Well, according to some ancient cultures it's coming to a end on December 21, 2012 when the solar system precisely aligns with the center of the galaxy.
March 8, 2009 at 2:15 p.m. ( permalink | suggest removal )
commonsence (anonymous) says...
for all of you who thinks this is a safe alternative, let's put it on your road next. How many of Santee Cooper/DHEC execs live on Tobacco Road anyway?
March 8, 2009 at 4:14 p.m. ( permalink | suggest removal )
phred (anonymous) says...
Tony and the P&C are just a tool of the Coastal Conservation League. So biased and out to harrass industry until all the jobs leave. Why do I say that? Check out page 6 of this newsletter showing at least a quarter of a million dollar donation to the CCL last fall:
http://coastalconservationleague.org/...
So Tony, why don't all of your articles have the following disclamer:
"This article brought to you by the Coastal Conservation League"?
Wonder how those 25 folks that just got laid off at the paper feel about that donation?
March 8, 2009 at 4:33 p.m. ( permalink | suggest removal )
yird (anonymous) says...
GetSerious,You must listen to Rush regularly to be so up on what he's about. I don't get much opportunities to hear him so it's real sharing of you to keep everyone up to date.
When and if you ever grow up you will abandon all your childish, touchy feel good, pseudo liberalism and become a conservative. It happens frequently. Of course, some folks like yourself are slow learners.
Lay of the Mary J, it's numbing what little brains you have left.
March 8, 2009 at 8:17 p.m. ( permalink | suggest removal )
BlackReign (anonymous) says...
I think getserious is very much in love of Rush. It would appear that getserious is looking for a father figure and Rush is what he really admires in a true man - honesty, integrity, hard work, ethics...
getserious's real dad must have been a loser, like getserious himself.
March 8, 2009 at 8:26 p.m. ( permalink | suggest removal )
BlackReign (anonymous) says...
GetSerious
"I heard that Rushbo might be back on the junk..."
DUDE!, I heard that too! But he still makes more sense that idiot obama, imagine that!
Oh, and I heard your mommy is back on the junk as well, hang in there, the strange men at all hours will pass, like you passing the 7th grade after 3 trys.
March 8, 2009 at 8:47 p.m. ( permalink | suggest removal )
MP (anonymous) says...
Those that do not have the mental capacity to have an intelligent discussion about a matter usually just resort to personal attacks.
March 8, 2009 at 8:53 p.m. ( permalink | suggest removal )
BlackReign (anonymous) says...
Posted by MP on March 8, 2009 at 8:53 p.m. (Suggest removal)
Those that do not have the mental capacity to have an intelligent discussion about a matter usually just resort to personal attacks.
It seems you are right about MP.
Comments by GetSerious
Posted on March 8 at 5:55 p.m.
yird- you've stopped making sense you old prune. On What's wrong on Tobacco Road?
On Expert: No oil off coast
Posted on March 7 at 7:23 p.m.
lol yird, quit crying like a little fairy, are you still mad b/c i reject your attempt to reach out to me? You c sucker
Posted on March 7 at 12:26 p.m.
postman is an idiot troll, best to just ignore him
On Commercial fishing runs aground
Posted on March 6 at 7:10 a.m.
Wow yird, I don't know many 70 year old men that stay up past midnight posting online. lmao
YOu're either complete flipping loser, a liar, or both.
On Surviving the recession: Just hanging on
Posted on March 1 at 5:38 p.m.
"Posted on February 28 at 10:08 a.m. by geekboy
How can you think a sista with blue hair would be doin' any criminalizin'?"
geekboy- how bout you shut your hole. You don't like it, don't read it you flip wad. You fall in line with the rest of the racist mofo's.
Posted on February 28 at 2:17 p.m.
chalk up another meaningless, B.S. post for yird.
DawnM- were you educated in South Carolina? lol
On Boy, 4, had gun in jacket
there are 42 pages of your idiot rants and school boy insults. you are a complete embarrassment to your daddy, no wonder he left your pig-eared dumb-ass.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Posted by BlackReign on March 8, 2009 at 9:09 p.m. (Suggest removal)
yird, I see that. He already sent me an e mail;
Hello,
The user GetSerious sent the following message to you via www.charleston.net:
==============================
Hey, I want you to know that I am just messing with you. I am a loser that has no where to go or noway to express myslef. Please e mail me back and maybe we can play World of Warcraft.
GetSerious
March 8, 2009 at 9:11 p.m. ( permalink | suggest removal )
BlackReign (anonymous) says...
Posted by MP on March 8, 2009 at 8:53 p.m. (Suggest removal)
Those that do not have the mental capacity to have an intelligent discussion about a matter usually just resort to personal attacks.
It seems you are right about MP.
Comments by GetSerious
Posted on March 8 at 5:55 p.m.
yird- you've stopped making sense you old prune. On What's wrong on Tobacco Road?
On Expert: No oil off coast
Posted on March 7 at 7:23 p.m.
lol yird, quit crying like a little fairy, are you still mad b/c i reject your attempt to reach out to me? You c sucker
Posted on March 7 at 12:26 p.m.
postman is an idiot troll, best to just ignore him
On Commercial fishing runs aground
Posted on March 6 at 7:10 a.m.
Wow yird, I don't know many 70 year old men that stay up past midnight posting online. lmao
YOu're either complete flipping loser, a liar, or both.
On Surviving the recession: Just hanging on
Posted on March 1 at 5:38 p.m.
"Posted on February 28 at 10:08 a.m. by geekboy
How can you think a sista with blue hair would be doin' any criminalizin'?"
geekboy- how bout you shut your hole. You don't like it, don't read it you flip wad. You fall in line with the rest of the racist mofo's.
Posted on February 28 at 2:17 p.m.
chalk up another meaningless, B.S. post for yird.
DawnM- were you educated in South Carolina? lol
On Boy, 4, had gun in jacket
there are 42 pages of your idiot rants and school boy insults. you are a complete embarrassment to your daddy, no wonder he left your pig-eared dumb-ass.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Posted by BlackReign on March 8, 2009 at 9:09 p.m. (Suggest removal)
yird, I see that. He already sent me an e mail;
Hello,
The user GetSerious sent the following message to you via www.charleston.net:
==============================
Hey, I want you to know that I am just messing with you. I am a loser that has no where to go or noway to express myslef. Please e mail me back and maybe we can play World of Warcraft.
GetSerious
March 8, 2009 at 9:13 p.m. ( permalink | suggest removal )
BlackReign (anonymous) says...
Dude, leave me alone!
Hello,
The user GetSerious sent the following message to you via www.charleston.net:
==============================
Hey, I want you now.
GetSerious
March 8, 2009 at 9:20 p.m. ( permalink | suggest removal )
yird (anonymous) says...
BlackReign, You not the only one he's sent stupid emails to.
Hello,
The user GetSerious sent the following message to you via www.charleston.net:
==============================
DEAR yird,
You're a freaking pansy.
love,
GetSeriouswww.charleston.net:
==============================
March 8, 2009 at 9:22 p.m. ( permalink | suggest removal )
yird (anonymous) says...
Getserious wants you BlackReign and he loves me.
Is that not indicative of one having an alternative lifestyle?
March 8, 2009 at 9:25 p.m. ( permalink | suggest removal )
yird (anonymous) says...
well I've spread around six cubic yards of fill dirt today with a shovel and wheel barrow and I'm beat so y'all carry on without me.
I'm going to retire in my 1967 12 by 60 trailer with no AC and only an old kerosene heater for warmth.
Maybe Obama will help me upgrade to a seventies vintage trailer.
March 8, 2009 at 9:35 p.m. ( permalink | suggest removal )
zoomru (anonymous) says...
Santee "Sandanista" Cooper........
I'm sure you have fine ENGINEERS working for you.......
March 8, 2009 at 9:47 p.m. ( permalink | suggest removal )
GermanyXO (anonymous) says...
Come on Berkeley County! This road improvement project was obviously a poor attempt by Santee Cooper to manufacture a tax break using the cheapest possible methods with less regard for the local community's health, but more regard for saving thousands of dollars.
March 31, 2009 at 11:06 a.m. ( permalink | suggest removal )
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